UNIT 3 |
Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecologic cancer (after cervical cancer) and the leading cause of death from gynecologic cancer in the United States. It generally affects women aged 40 to 65. The ovary is composed of epithelial cells along the surface, germ (egg-producing) cells, and surrounding connective tissue.
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Nospecific symptoms may include:
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Age. Risk increases with age, and the disease generally affects women over 50 years.
Menopausal Estrogen Therapy. Unopposed estrogen increases risk but the combined use of estrogen and progestin is not associated with increased risk. Diabetes. Hypertension. Physical Inactivity. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Anovulation from PCOS or other causes results in persistent exposure to unopposed endogenous estrogen. |
RISK FACTORS
Women in developing nations have much higher mortality (nearly 50%), compared with those in developed nations due to the scarcity of screening programs. Other risk factors include: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. This virus has many sub-types and not all cause cancer, but most cervical cancers involve HPV. High-risk HPV includes types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, and 45. |
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